Commit 25e59929 authored by Maciej Lipinski's avatar Maciej Lipinski

WIP: first draft sent to Javier/Erik

parent 910154d7
@misc{biblio:whiteRabbit,
title = "{White Rabbit Project}",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit}}
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit}},
}
@misc{biblio:whiteRabbitCERN,
title = "{White Rabbit}",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.cern.ch/white-rabbit}}
}
@ARTICLE{biblio:802.1Q,
journal="{IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014}",
title={{IEEE} {Standard} for {Local} and {Metropolitan} {Area} {Networks--Bridges} and {Bridged} {Networks}},
title = {{IEEE Standard for LAN}},
year={2014},
month={Dec},
keywords={IEEE standards;access protocols;local area networks;metropolitan area networks;IEEE standard;MAC service;VLAN bridges;bridged networks;local area networks;media access control service;metropolitan area networks;Bridged circuits;IEEE standards;Local area networks;Media Access Protocol;Metropolitan area networks;Protofcols;Virtual environments;Bridged Network;IEEE 802.1Q(TM);LAN;MAC Bridge;MSTP;Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol;PBN;Provider Bridged Network;RSTP;Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol;SPB Protocol;Shortest Path Bridging Protocol;VLAN Bridge;Virtual Bridged Network;local area network;metropolitan area networks;virtual LAN},
......@@ -34,52 +31,42 @@ optical fibre {LAN}, optical repeaters, Passive optical networks, {PHY}, physica
@article{biblio:IEEE1588,
journal = "{IEEE 1588-2008}",
title = "{IEEE} {Standard} for {Precision}
{Clock} {Synchronization} {Protocol} for {Networked} {Measurement} and {Control} {Systems}",
title = "{IEEE} {Standard} for {PTP}",
organization = "IEEE",
address = "New York",
}
@Misc{biblio:WRPTP,
author = "E.G. Cota and M. Lipi\'{n}ski and T. W\l{}ostowski and E.V.D. Bij and J. Serrano",
author = "E.G. Cota and M. Lipi\'{n}ski et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit Specification: Draft for Comments}",
note = "CERN Document, v2.0",
month = "July",
year = "2011",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.ohwr.org/documents/21}}
}
@inproceedings{biblio:ISPCS2011,
author = "M. Lipi\'{n}ski and T. W\l{}ostowski and J. Serrano and P. Alvarez",
author = "M. Lipi\'{n}ski and et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit: a PTP application for robust sub-nanosecond synchronization}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication (ISPCS)",
address = "Munich, Germany",
booktitle = "ISPCS",
year = "2011",
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:WRproject,
author = "J. Serrano and P. Alvarez and M. Cattin and E. G. Cota and J. H. Lewis, P.
Moreira and T. W\l{}ostowski and others",
author = "J. Serrano and et al.",
title = "{The White Rabbit Project}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS)",
address = "Kobe, Japan",
year = "2009",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2015",
}
@mastersthesis{biblio:TomekMSc,
author = "T. W\l{}ostowski",
title = "Precise time and frequency transfer in a {White} {Rabbit} network",
month = "May",
year = "2011",
address ="Warsaw, Poland",
school = "Warsaw University of Technology",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.ohwr.org/documents/80}}
}
@thesis{biblio:MaciekPhD,
author = "Lipinski, Maciej",
title = "{Methods to Increase Reliability and Ensure
Determinism in a White Rabbit Network}",
year = "2016",
reportNumber = "CERN-THESIS-2016-283",
url = "http://cds.cern.ch/record/2261452",
note = "Presented 04 Apr 2017",
school = "Warsaw University of Technology",
}
@thesis{biblio:CesarPhD,
author = "Prados, Cesar",
......@@ -90,17 +77,11 @@ optical fibre {LAN}, optical repeaters, Passive optical networks, {PHY}, physica
}
@ARTICLE{biblio:JosePhD,
author={F. Ramos and J. L. Gutiérrez-Rivas and J. López-Jiménez and B. Caracuel and J. Díaz},
author={F. Ramos and et al.},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics},
title={Accurate Timing Networks for Dependable Smart Grid Applications},
year={2018},
volume={14},
number={5},
pages={2076-2084},
keywords={clocks;electrical safety;power system interconnection;power system security;satellite communication;smart power grids;substation automation;complex system;deterministic timing reference;interconnected system;satellite clock;smart grid applications;substation automation system;system reliability;timing networks;timing signal;Protocols;Safety;Security;Smart grids;Substations;Synchronization;Dependability;White Rabbit (WR);high-availability seamless redundancy protocol (HSR);safety-critical;scalability;smart grid;synchronization},
doi={10.1109/TII.2017.2787145},
ISSN={1551-3203},
month={May},}
}
@online{biblio:CERN,
title = {{European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)}},
......@@ -111,11 +92,10 @@ month={May},}
keywords = {{CERN}, high-energy physics, Large Hadron Collider, {LHC}, particles, physics, science},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:GMT,
author = "J.Serrano and P.Alvarez and D.Dominguez, J.Lewis",
author = "J.Serrano and et al.",
title = "{Nanosecond} {Level} {UTC} {Timing} {Generation} and {Stamping} in {CERN}'s {LHC}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS)",
address = "Gyeongju, Korea",
year = "2003",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2013",
}
@misc{biblio:GMTJavierPres,
title = {{CERN} {General} {Machine} {Timing} {System}: status and evolution},
......@@ -126,13 +106,9 @@ month={May},}
file = {CERN-GMT.pdf:/home/mlipinsk/.mozilla/firefox/64taeemp.default-1397950810482/zotero/storage/F3RGN3RC/CERN-GMT.pdf:application/pdf},
howpublished = {\url{https://indico.cern.ch/event/28233/contribution/1/material/slides/1.pdf}},
}
@electronic{biblio:P1588WG,
title = "{IEEE P1588 Working Group}",
howpublished = {\url{ieee-sa.centraldesktop.com/1588public}}
}
@Inproceedings{P1588-HA-enhancements,
author={O. Ronen and M. Lipinski},
booktitle={2015 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS)},
booktitle={ISPCS2015},
title={Enhanced synchronization accuracy in IEEE1588},
}
@electronic{biblio:fmc-dio-5cha,
......@@ -158,16 +134,14 @@ title={Enhanced synchronization accuracy in IEEE1588},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-LIST,
author = "T. Wlostowski and J. Serrano and G. Daniluk and M. Lipinski and F. Vaga",
author = "T. Wlostowski and et al.",
title = "{Trigger and RF distribution using White Rabbit}",
booktitle = "{Proceedings of International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS)}",
booktitle = "{ICALEPCS}",
year = "2015",
URL = {http://icalepcs.synchrotron.org.au/papers/wec3o01.pdf},
howpublished = "{\url{http://icalepcs.synchrotron.org.au/papers/wec3o01.pdf}}"
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-LIST-2,
author = "T.Levens and A.Boccardi and A.Butterworth and L.R.Carver and G.Daniluk and M.Gasior and W.Hofle and O.R.Jones and G.Kotzian and T.Lefevre and J.C.Molendijk and M.Ojeda Sandonis and J.Serrano and D.Valuch and T.Wlostowski and F.Vanga",
title = "{INSTABILITY DIAGNOSTICS}",
author = "T.Levens and et al.",
title = "INSTABILITY DIAGNOSTICS",
booktitle = "{6th Evian Workshop}",
year = "2015",
}
......@@ -177,25 +151,17 @@ year = "2015",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/wr-cores/wiki/wr-streamers}}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:wr-cngs,
author={M. Lipinski and T. Wlostowski and J. Serrano and P. Alvarez and J. David Gonzalez Cobas and A. Rubini and P. Moreira},
booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication Proceedings},
author={M. Lipinski and et al.},
booktitle={Proceedings of ISPCS2012},
title={Performance results of the first White Rabbit installation for CNGS time transfer},
year={2012},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1-6},
keywords={Global Positioning System;computerised instrumentation;local area networks;sensors;time measurement;ADEV;Allan deviation;CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso project;CNGS time transfer;GPS receiver;Global Positioning System receiver;Gran Sasso National Laboratory;IEEE 1588-2008 standard;MTIE;UTC;WR installation;climatic chamber testing;coordinated universal time;data collection;frequency transfer system;maximum time interval error;synchronous Ethernet-based network;time receiver;time reference;time transfer evaluate;time transfer system;underground extraction-detection point;white rabbit installation;Accuracy;Delay;Global Positioning System;Liquefied natural gas;Monitoring;Synchronization;Temperature measurement},
doi={10.1109/ISPCS.2012.6336610},
ISSN={1949-0305},
month={Sept},}
}
@Misc{biblio:PolaRx4e,
title = "{PolaRx4/PolaRx4TR: Multi-frequency GNSS Reference Station}",
howpublished = {\url{www.chronos.co.uk/files/pdfs/sep/PolaRx4.pdf}}
}
@Misc{biblio:CS4000,
title = "{Symmetricon frequency standards, Symmetricom, Time and Frequency Systems}",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.symmetricom.com/products/frequency-references/cesium-frequency-standard/Cs4000/}},
title = "{SymmetricoM frequency standards, Time and Frequency Systems}",
}
@online{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM,
title = "{Real-Time Distribution of Magnetic Field Measurements Over White-Rabbit}",
......@@ -208,11 +174,19 @@ month={Sept},}
howpublished = "{\url{https://gitlab.cern.ch/BTrain-TEAM/Btrain-over-WhiteRabbit/wikis/home}}"
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-Btrain-status,
author = "Maciej Lipinski",
title = "{Real-Time distribution of magnetic field values using White Rabbit the FIRESTORM project}",
howpublished = "{\url{https://indico.cern.ch/event/640522/contributions/2597939/attachments/1472607/2279328/BE-CO-TM-WR-BTrain.pdf}}"
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF,
author = "D.Perrelet and et al.",
title = "{W}HITE {R}ABBIT BASED REVOLUTION FREQUENCY PROGRAM FOR THE LONGITUDINAL BEAM CONTROL OF THE CERN PS ",
booktitle = "{ICALEPCS}",
year = "2015",
}
@techreport{biblio:FAIRtimingSystem,
author = "T. Fleck and C. Prados and S. Rauch and M. Kreider",
author = "T. Fleck and et al.",
title = "{FAIR Timing System}",
institution = "GSI",
address = "Darmstadt, Germany",
......@@ -220,14 +194,11 @@ month={Sept},}
note = "v1.2",
}
@Misc{biblio:GSI,
title = "{GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research}",
howpublished = "{\url{https://www.gsi.de/en/about\_us.htm}}"
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-GSI,
author = "C.Prados and A.Hahn and J.Bai and A.Suresh",
author = "C.Prados and et al.",
title = "{A Reliable White Rabbit Network for the FAIR General Machine Timing}",
booktitle = "{Proceedings of International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS)}",
booktitle = "{ICALEPCS}",
year = "2017",
howpublished = "{\url{http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/icalepcs2017/papers/tupha091.pdf}}"
}
......@@ -243,95 +214,64 @@ howpublished = "{\url{http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/icalepcs2017/paper
title = "{GSI - General Plan of Accelerator Operation 2018}",
}
@Misc{biblio:OHWR,
title = "Open Hardware Repository (OHWR)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/}},
title = "{Open Hardware Repository}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/}},
}
@Misc{biblio:wr-switch,
title = "White Rabbit Switch",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki/switch}},
title = "{WR Switch}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki/switch}},
}
@Misc{biblio:wr-node,
title = "White Rabbit Node",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki/node}},
title = "{WR Node}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki/node}},
}
@Misc{biblio:spec,
title = "Simple PCIe FMC carrier (SPEC)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/spec/wiki}},
title = "{Simple PCIe FMC carrier}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/spec/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:svec,
title = "Simple VME FMC Carrier (SVEC)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/svec/wiki}},
title = "{Simple VME FMC Carrier}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/svec/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:crio,
title = "CompactRIO White Rabbit (cRIO-WR)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/crio-wr/wiki}},
title = "{CompactRIO White Rabbit}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/crio-wr/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:AFC,
title = "AMC FMC Carrier (AFC)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/afc/wiki}},
title = "{AMC FMC Carrier}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/afc/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:AFCK,
title = "AMC FMC Kindex Carrier (AFCK)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/afck/wiki}},
title = "{AMC FMC Kindex Carrier}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/afck/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:cute-wr-dp,
title = "Compact Universal Timing Endpoint Based on White Rabbit with Dual Ports (CUTE-WR-DP)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/cute-wr-dp/wiki}},
title = "{Compact Universal Timing Endpoint Based on White Rabbit with Dual Ports}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/cute-wr-dp/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:spexi,
title = "Simple PXI express FMC Carrier Board (SPEXI)",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/spexi/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:MTCA,
title = "White-Rabbit for MTCA.0 \& MTCA.4",
howpublished = {\url{https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/13247/contributions/13585/attachments/11417/14074/White-Rabbit\_for\_MTCA.0\_and\_MTCA.4.pdf}},
title = "{Simple PXI express FMC Carrier Board}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/spexi/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:STRUCK,
title = "SIS1160 8 LANE GEN3 PCI EXPRESS CARRIER FOR DIGITIZER FMCS",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.struck.de/sis1160.html}},
title = "{SIS1160 8 LANE GEN3 PCI EXPRESS CARRIER FOR DIGITIZER FMCS}",
howpublished = {\url{www.struck.de/sis1160.html}},
}
@Misc{biblio:sundance,
title = "Sundance PXIe700",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.sundance.technology/som-cariers/pxi-boards/pxie700/}},
title = "{Sundance PXIe700}",
howpublished = {\url{www.sundance.technology/som-cariers/pxi-boards/pxie700/}},
}
@Misc{biblio:spdevices,
title = "ADQ7DC - Data Acquisition Unit - Digitizer: 14-bit, 10 GSPS digitizer platform, 1-2 channels",
howpublished = {\url{https://spdevices.com/products/hardware/14-bit-digitizers/adq7dc}},
}
@Misc{biblio:MIKES,
title = "VTT MIKES Metrology",
howpublished = {\url{ https://www.mikes.fi/ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:VSL,
title = "VSL",
howpublished = {\url{ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:LNE-SYRTE,
title = "LNE-SYRTE",
howpublished = {\url{ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:NLP,
title = "NLP",
howpublished = {\url{ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:NIST,
title = "NIST",
howpublished = {\url{ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:INRIM,
title = "INRIM",
howpublished = {\url{ }},
}
@Misc{biblio:KRIS,
title = "KRIS",
howpublished = {\url{ http://www.kriss.re.kr/eng}},
title = "{DAQ Unit - Digitizer: 14-bit, 10 GSPS digitizer platform, 1-2 chan}",
howpublished = {\url{www.spdevices.com/products/hardware/14-bit-digitizers/adq7dc}},
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-LJD,
title = "WRS Low Jitter Daugherboard",
title = "{WRS Low Jitter Daugherboard}",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/wrs-low-jitter/wiki/wiki}},
}
@ARTICLE{biblio:MIKES+VSL,
author={E. F. Dierikx and A. E. Wallin and T. Fordell and J. Myyry and P. Koponen and M. Merimaa and T. J. Pinkert and J. C. J. Koelemeij and H. Z. Peek and R. Smets},
author={E. F. Dierikx and et al.},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control},
title={White Rabbit Precision Time Protocol on Long-Distance Fiber Links},
year={2016},
......@@ -344,15 +284,15 @@ ISSN={0885-3010},
month={July},}
@inproceedings{biblio:MIKES-50km,
author = "Anders Wallin and Mattia Rizzi and Guifré Molera Calvés and Thomas Fordell and Jyri Näränen",
author = "Anders Wallin and et al.",
title = "{Improved Systematic and Random Errors for Long-Distance Time-Transfer Using PTP White Rabbit }",
booktitle = "{32nd European Frequency and Time Forum 2018}",
booktitle = "{EFTF}",
year = "2018",
}
http://www.epapers.org/eftf2018/ESR/paper_details.php?PHPSESSID=t03vf3ur1ksr5rafkq24fe8k64&paper_id=7160
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km,
author={N. Kaur and P. Tuckey and P. E. Pottie},
booktitle={2016 European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF)},
author={N. Kaur and et al.},
booktitle={EFTF2016},
title={Time transfer over a White Rabbit network},
year={2016},
volume={},
......@@ -364,8 +304,8 @@ ISSN={},
month={April},}
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km,
author={N. Kaur and F. Frank and P. E. Pottie and P. Tuckey},
booktitle={2017 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)},
author={N. Kaur and et al.},
booktitle={EFTF/IFCS},
title={Time and frequency transfer over a 500 km cascaded White Rabbit network},
year={2017},
volume={},
......@@ -377,21 +317,21 @@ ISSN={},
month={July},}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits,
author = "Rizzi, Mattia and Lipinski, Maciej and Ferrari, Paolo and Rinaldi, Stefano and Flammini, Alessandra",
author = "Rizzi, Mattia and et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit clock synchronization: ultimate limits on close-in phase noise and short-term stability due to FPGA implementation}",
booktitle = "{Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}",
year = "2018",
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-LJD-switch,
title = "ASTERICS: PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-LOW-NOISE WHITE RABBIT SWITCHES",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.asterics2020.eu/article/production-ultra-low-noise-white-rabbit-switches}},
title = "ASTERICS: PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-LOW-NOISE {WR} SWITCHES",
howpublished = {\url{www.asterics2020.eu/article/production-ultra-low-noise-white-rabbit-switches}},
}
@Misc{biblio:optical-amplifier,
title = "OPNT's quasi bidirectional optical amplifiers",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.opnt.nl/\#timing}},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-NIST,
author = "J. Savory and J. Sherman and S. Romisch",
author = "J. Savory and et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit-Based Time Distribution at NIST}",
booktitle = "{IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium 2018}",
year = "2018",
......@@ -401,9 +341,9 @@ year = "2018",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki/SFP}},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-INRIM,
author = "G. Fantino and G. Cerretto and R. Costa and D. Calonico",
author = "G. Fantino and et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit Time Transfer on Medium and Long Fibre Hauls at INRIM}",
booktitle = "{Proceedings of the 46th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting}",
booktitle = "{PTTI}",
year = "2014",
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-INRIM-400km,
......@@ -412,9 +352,9 @@ year = "2014",
}
@inproceedings{biblio:GSI-WR-GMT,
author = "C.Prados and A.Hahn and J.Bai and A.Suresh",
title = "{A RELIABLE WHITE RABBIT NETWORK FOR THE FAIR GENERAL TIMING MACHINE}",
booktitle = "{Proceedings of 16th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Control Systems}",
author = "C.Prados and et al.",
title = "A RELIABLE {W}HITE {R}ABBIT NETWORK FOR THE FAIR GENERAL TIMING MACHINE",
booktitle = "{ICALEPCS}",
year = "2018",
}
......@@ -423,52 +363,45 @@ year = "2018",
howpublished = {\url{https://www-acc.gsi.de/wiki/Timing/TimingSystemDocuments}},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:GSI-WR-GMT-CRYRING,
author = "MKreider and A.Hahn and R.Bar and D.Beck and N.Kurz and C.Prados and S.Rauch and M.Reese and M.Zeig",
title = "{TWO YEARS OF FAIR GENERAL MACHINE TIMING – EXPERIENCES AND IMPROVEMENTS}",
booktitle = "{Proceedings of 16th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Control Systems}",
author = "M.Kreider and et al.",
title = "TWO YEARS OF FAIR {G}ENERAL {M}ACHINE {T}IMING – EXPERIENCES AND IMPROVEMENTS",
booktitle = "{ICALEPCS}",
year = "2018",
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:LHAASO,
author = "G. Gong and S. Chen and Q. Du and J. Li and Y. Liu",
author = "G. Gong and et al.",
title = "{Sub-nanosecond Timing System Designed And Developed For LHAASO Project}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS)",
address = "Grenoble, France",
year = "2011",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp,
author = "Hongming Li and Guanghua Gong and Weibin Pan and Qiang Du and Jianmin Li",
author = "Hongming Li and et al.",
title = "{Temperature Effect and Correction Method of White Rabbit Timing Link}",
booktitle = "IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 62, NO. 3, JUNE 2015",
booktitle = "IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, JUNE 2015",
year = "2015",
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator,
author = "Hongming Li and Guanghua Gong and and Jianmin Li",
author = "Hongming Li and et al.",
title = "{Portable Calibration Node for LHAASO-KM2A Detector Array}",
booktitle = "IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 64, NO. 6, JUNE 2017",
booktitle = "IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE,JUNE 2017",
year = "2017",
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:LHAASO-WR-prototype,
author = "Hongming Li and Guanghua Gong and Qiand Du",
title = "{PROTOTYPE OF WHITE RABBIT NETWORK IN LHAASO}",
booktitle = "Proceedings of ICALEPCS2015, Melbourne, Australia ",
author = "Hongming Li and et al.",
title = "PROTOTYPE OF {W}HITE {R}ABBIT NETWORK IN {LHAASO}",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2015",
}
@misc{biblio:KM3NeT,
title = "{The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT)}",
howpublished = {\url{http://km3net.org}},
url = "http://km3net.org",
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter,
title = "KM3NeT 2.0: Letter of Intent for ARCA and ORCA",
howpublished = {\url{https://arxiv.org/pdf/1601.07459.pdf}},
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation,
title = "White Rabbit in KM3NeT",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/attachments/4263/6\_wr\_km3net\_15032016.pptx}},
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-deployment,
title = "KM3NeT String Deployment",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HKHW0hLxt4}},
title = "{White Rabbit in KM3NeT}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/attachments/4263/6\_wr\_km3net\_15032016.pptx}},
}
@Misc{biblio:SKA,
......@@ -477,27 +410,27 @@ year = "2018",
}
@Misc{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR,
title = "ELI-ALPS: Synchronization issues",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/attachments/3565/WR\_WS\_GENEVA\_6OCT2014\_IK\_ELI\_ALPS.pptx}},
title = "{ELI-ALPS: Synchronization issues}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/attachments/3565/WR\_WS\_GENEVA\_6OCT2014\_IK\_ELI\_ALPS.pptx}},
}
@Misc{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR,
title = "ELI-BEAMS: Electronic Timing System at Facility Level",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.mrf.fi/dmdocuments/TIMING\_WORKSHOP/02-PavelBastl/ELI-BL-4442-PRE-00000116-B.ppt}},
title = "{ELI-BEAMS: Electronic Timing System at Facility Level}",
howpublished = {\url{www.mrf.fi/dmdocuments/TIMING\_WORKSHOP/02-PavelBastl/ELI-BL-4442-PRE-00000116-B.ppt}},
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:DLR-WR,
author = "D.Hamp and F.Sproll and P.Wagner and L.Humbert and T.Hasenohr and W.Riede",
author = "D.Hamp and et al.",
title = "{First successful satellite laser ranging with a fibre-based transmitter}",
howpublished = {\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07429}},
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps,
author = "M.Bruckner and R.Wischnewski",
title = "{A TIME STAMPING TDC FOR SPEC AND ZEN PLATFORMS BASED ON WHITE RABBIT}",
booktitle = "16th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Control Systems",
author = "M.Bruckner and et al.",
title = "A TIME STAMPING TDC FOR SPEC AND ZEN PLATFORMS BASED ON {W}HITE {R}ABBIT",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2017",
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU,
author={R. Razzaghi and A. Derviskadic and M. Paolone},
booktitle={2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe)},
author={R. Razzaghi and et al.},
booktitle={ISGT-Europe},
title={A white rabbit synchronized PMU},
year={2017},
volume={},
......@@ -509,23 +442,71 @@ ISSN={},
month={Sept},}
@article{biblio:OASIS,
author = "Deghaye, S and Jacquet, D and Kozar, J and Serrano, J",
title = "{Oasis: A New System to Acquire and Display the Analog
author = "Deghaye, S and et al.",
title = "{OASIS: A New System to Acquire and Display the Analog
Signals for LHC}",
number = "CERN-AB-2003-110-CO",
pages = "4 p",
month = "Nov",
year = "2003",
reportNumber = "CERN-AB-2003-110-CO",
url = "https://cds.cern.ch/record/693174",
}
@Misc{biblio:WRXI,
title = "White Rabbit eXtensions for Instrumentation",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/wrxi/wiki/wiki}},
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:CSNS-WR,
author = "Jian Zhuang and Jiajie Li and Lei Hu and Yongxiang Qiu and Lijiang Liao and Ke Zhou",
title = "{THE DESIGN OF CSNS INSTRUMENT CONTROL}",
booktitle = "16th Int. Conf. on Accelerator and Large Experimental Control Systems",
author = "Jian Zhuang and et al.",
title = "THE DESIGN OF {CSNS} INSTRUMENT CONTROL",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2017",
}
@Misc{biblio:JINR,
title = "The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.jinr.ru/main-en/}},
}
@Misc{biblio:JINR-WR,
title = "JINR AFI Electronics",
howpublished = {\url{http://afi.jinr.ru/CategoryWhiteRabbit}},
}
@Misc{biblio:ESRF,
title = "European Synchrotron Radiation Facility",
howpublished = {\url{http://www.esrf.eu/about}},
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:ESRF-WR,
author = "G.Goujon and et al.",
title = "REFURBISHMENT OF THE ESRF ACCELERATOR SYNCHRONISATION SYSTEM USING {W}HITE {R}ABBIT",
booktitle = "ICALEPCS",
year = "2017",
}
@online{biblio:wrCalibration,
title = "{White Rabbit calibration procedure}",
url = {http://www.ohwr.org/documents/213},
author = {G. Daniluk},
urldate = {August 13, 2014},
}
@inproceedings{biblio:WR-characteristics,
author = "Rizzi, Mattia and et al.",
title = "{White Rabbit clock characteristics}",
booktitle = "{ISPCS}",
year = "2016",
}
@Misc{biblio:SPS-WR-LLRF,
title = "MicroTCA Low-level RF White Rabbit Node",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/ertm15-llrf-wr/wiki}},
}
@Inproceedings{biblio:SKA-80km,
author = "Paul Boven",
title = "{DWDM Stabilized Optics for White Rabbit}",
booktitle = "32nd European Frequency and Time Forum",
year = "2018",
}
@Misc{biblio:WR-calibration,
title = "White Rabbit Calibration",
howpublished = {\url{https://www.ohwr.org/projects/wr-calibration/wiki/wiki}},
}
@Misc{biblio:P1588,
title = "p1588 Working Group",
howpublished = {\url{https://ieee-sa.imeetcentral.com/1588public/}},
}
@Misc{biblio:WRin1588,
title = "{White Rabbit integration into IEEE15880-20XX as High Accuracy}",
howpublished = {\url{www.ohwr.org/projects/wr-std/wiki/wrin1588}},
}
\ No newline at end of file
......@@ -37,11 +37,10 @@
\title{Overview of White Rabbit Applications and Status}
\title{White Rabbit Applications and Enhancements}
\author{
\IEEEauthorblockN{Maciej Lipi\'{n}ski, Erik Van Der Bij, Javier Serrano, Tomasz Wlostowski, Grzegorz Daniluk, Adam Wujek,}
\IEEEauthorblockN{Mattia Rizzi, Dimitrios Lapridis}
\IEEEauthorblockN{M. Lipi\'{n}ski, E. van der Bij, J. Serrano, T. Wlostowski, G. Daniluk, A. Wujek, M. Rizzi, D. Lampridis}
\IEEEauthorblockA{CERN, Geneva, Switzerland}
}
......@@ -59,48 +58,45 @@ White Rabbit (WR) extends the Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
White Rabbit (WR) \cite{biblio:whiteRabbitCERN}\cite{biblio:whiteRabbit} is a
White Rabbit (WR) \cite{biblio:whiteRabbit} is a
multilaboratory, multicompany and multinational collaboration to
develop new technology providing a versatile solution for control and data acquisition
systems. This new technology is also called White Rabbit and provides sub-nanosecond
accuracy and picoseconds precision of synchronization, as well and deterministic and
reliable data delivery, for large distributed systems.
accuracy and picoseconds precision of synchronization as well and deterministic and
reliable data delivery for large distributed systems.
WR is based on well-established networking standards, extending them if needed,
to meet the requirements of WR applications. A WR network, depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WRN},
to meet the requirements of WR applications. A WR network
% , depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WRN},
is a Bridged Local Area Network (IEEE 802.1Q \cite{biblio:802.1Q}) that uses Ethernet
(IEEE 802.3 \cite{biblio:IEEE802.3}) to interconnect network elements and
Precision Time Protocol (PTP, IEEE 1588-2008 \cite{biblio:IEEE1588}) to synchronize
these network elements. A WR network consists of two types of network elements
that implement WR enhancements: WR switches and WR nodes. While any standard
Ethernet network element can be connected to WR network, WR nodes and WR switches
provide:
these network elements. A WR network consists of WR switches and WR nodes
that implement WR enhancements:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Sub-ns accuracy and picoseconds precision of synchronization between all
WR switches and WR nodes, such synchronization is provided by the WR extension to PTP (WR-PTP,
\cite{biblio:WRPTP}) and its supporting hardware, described in
\cite{biblio:ISPCS2011}\cite{biblio:TomekMSc}\cite{biblio:WRproject}.
\item Deterministic and low-latency communication between WR nodes provided by
\item \textbf{Synchronization with sub-ns accuracy and picoseconds precision} between all
WR switches/nodes, such synchronization is provided by the WR extension to PTP (WR-PTP,
\cite{biblio:WRPTP}) and its supporting hardware \cite{biblio:ISPCS2011}\cite{biblio:TomekMSc}\cite{biblio:WRproject}.
\item \textbf{Deterministic and low-latency communication} between WR nodes provided by
a purposely customized and open design of the WR switch, described in
\cite{biblio:MaciekPhD}.
\end{enumerate}
Studies \cite{biblio:MaciekPhD}\cite{biblio:CesarPhD}\cite{biblio:JosePhD} has shown
that both of the above enhancements can be further extended to operate in highly reliable
manner ensuring maximum a single failure per year for a network of 2000 WR nodes.
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
% \vspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{network/wr_network-enhanced_pro.pdf}
\caption{White Rabbit Network.}
\label{fig:WRN}
\end{figure}
manner ensuring at most a single failure per year for a network of 2000 WR nodes.
% \begin{figure}[!ht]
% \centering
% % \vspace{0.2cm}
% \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{network/wr_network-enhanced_pro.pdf}
% \caption{White Rabbit Network.}
% \label{fig:WRN}
% \end{figure}
Since its conception in 2008, the number of WR applications has grown beyond
any expectations. The reasons for such a proliferation of applications
......@@ -121,46 +117,124 @@ ongoing work on enhancing WR and WR's evolution into IEEE1588.
The article briefly describes in Section~\ref{sec:wrElements} portfolio of
readily available WR network elements. It then explains in
Sections~\ref{sec:time-and-freq}-\ref{sec:RFoverWR} different types of
WR applications, their basic concept and examples of existing system,
WR applications, their basic concept and examples WR-based system,
summarized in Table~\ref{tab:applications}. Some of the described applications
requires enhancements of WR performance, this enhancements are described in
Section~\ref{sec:WRenhancements}. Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:WRin1588} we
describe the about-to-complete integration of WR in the upcoming revision of the
IEEE1588 standard and conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}
briefly describe the about-to-complete integration of WR in the upcoming revision of the
IEEE1588 standard and conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\caption{Non-exhaustive list of White Rabbit applications}
\centering
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}
{| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{0.6cm} | p{0.51cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{1.1cm} |} \hline
& & & & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\
\textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{Link} & \textbf{in 2018}& \textbf{$>$2020} &\textbf{Ref.} \\
& & &\textbf{Len} & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\
& & & (max) & & & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TF & 10km & 0/2/1 & 0/2/1 & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & FL & 1km & 6/2/1 & 20/8/1 & \cite{biblio:wr-streamers}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM} \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}\\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TD & 10km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}\cite{biblio:WRXI} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & RF & 10km & & & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TC & & & & \\ \hline
GSI & Germany & TC & 1km & & & \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS & 1km & 50/5/3 & & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS,TD & 1km & & 200/15/- & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
ESRF & France & RF,TS & 1km & 7/1/1 & 40/5/2 & \cite{biblio:ESRF-WR} \\\hline
CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & 1km & 50/4/2 & &\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TS & 10km & 10/4/2 & & \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} \\ \hline
KM3Net & France & TF,TS & 40km & 18/1/1 & 4140/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & 100km & 18/1/1 & 2070/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
CHIPS & USA & & 1km & & 200/16/? & \\ \hline
DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & 1km & 14/5/2 & 36/5/2 & \\ \hline
SBN & USA & TS,TD & 1km & 6/1/1 & 6/1/1 & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline
LHAASO & China & TF,TS & 1km & 40/4/4 & 6734/564/4 & \cite{biblio:LHAASO}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator} \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-prototype}\\ \hline
HiSCORE & Russia & TS & & & & \\ \hline
CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & few km & 32/3/2 & 220/10/2 & \cite{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps}\\ \hline
SKA & Australia/ Africa& TF & 80km & 2/1/1 & 233/15/3 & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline
MIKES & Finland & TF & 950km & 10/few/2 & & \\ \hline
NE-SYRTE & France & TF & 125km & 4/2/4 & & \\ \hline
VLS & Nederland & TF & 137km & & & \\ \hline
NIST & USA & TF & 10km & & & \\ \hline
NLP & UK & TF & & & & \\ \hline
INRIM & Italy & TF,TS & 400km & & & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline
DLR & Germany & TS & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR} \\ \hline
ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& 1km & 70/16/2 & & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
EPFL & Switzerland & TS & 1km & 2/1/1 & & \cite{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR nodes: }} & \textbf{339} & \textbf{13901} & \\
\multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR switches: }} & \textbf{53} & \textbf{641} & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TF= time and frequency transfer, TC= time-triggered control, TS= timestamping,} \\
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TD= trigger distribution, FL= Fixed-latency data transfer, RF= Radio-Freq. transfer} \\
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{N= number of WR nodes, S= number of WR switches, L= number of layers} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{A: accuracy, P: precision, Link len. - it is the lenght of link between devices in the network, Tot. distance = the total distance that the networks spans } \\
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:applications}
\end{table}
\section{WR Network Elements}
\label{sec:wrElements}
WR network elements are openly available on the Open Hardware Repository
(OHWR) \cite{biblio:OHWR} and available off-the-shelf from companies. %, see Figure~\ref{fig:WRN}.
WR network elements, nodes and switches, are openly available on the Open Hardware Repository (OHWR)
\cite{biblio:OHWR} and can be purchased from companies. %, see Figure~\ref{fig:WRN}.
While all of the WR networks use the same design of
WR switch \cite{biblio:wr-switch},
the WR switch \cite{biblio:wr-switch},
the design of WR nodes depends on application. Thus, WR node design is available
as open-source IP core \cite{biblio:wr-node} that can be easily used in one of
the supported boards or integrated into a custom design. WR-compatible boards
are available on OHWR in various form factors, including:
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) \cite{biblio:spec},
Versa Module Europa bus (VME) \cite{biblio:svec},
Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC)\cite{biblio:AFC}\cite{biblio:AFCK},
FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) with two WR ports \cite{biblio:cute-wr-dp},
National Instrument's CompactRIO (cRIO) \cite{biblio:crio} and
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) \cite{biblio:spexi}.
% Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) \cite{biblio:spec},
% Versa Module Europa bus (VME) \cite{biblio:svec},
% Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC)\cite{biblio:AFC}\cite{biblio:AFCK},
% FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) with two WR ports \cite{biblio:cute-wr-dp},
% National Instrument's CompactRIO (cRIO) \cite{biblio:crio} and
% PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) \cite{biblio:spexi}.
PCIe \cite{biblio:spec},
VME \cite{biblio:svec},
AMC \cite{biblio:AFC}\cite{biblio:AFCK},
FMC \cite{biblio:cute-wr-dp},
cRIO \cite{biblio:crio} and
PXI \cite{biblio:spexi}.
All of these boards are commercially available. Morover, more and more
companies integrate WR into their products, e.g.
\cite{biblio:MTCA}\cite{biblio:STRUCK}\cite{biblio:sundance}\cite{biblio:spdevices}.
\cite{biblio:STRUCK}\cite{biblio:sundance}\cite{biblio:spdevices}.
Such a variety of WR nodes facilitaties
implementations of WR applications described in the following sections
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\vspace{0.1cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{misc/zoo-v2.jpg}
\caption{White Rabbit network elements.}
\label{fig:WRN}
\end{figure}
% \begin{figure}[!ht]
% \centering
% \vspace{0.1cm}
% \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{misc/zoo-v2.jpg}
% \caption{White Rabbit network elements.}
% \label{fig:WRN}
% \end{figure}
%
%
% \section{Types of White Rabbit Applications}
......@@ -175,6 +249,7 @@ implementations of WR applications described in the following sections
% power industry (Section~\ref{sec:power}.
\section{Time and Frequency Transfer (TF)}
\label{sec:time-and-freq}
\subsection{Basic Concept}
......@@ -188,38 +263,36 @@ of the Grandmaster.
In most applications, Grandmaster is connected to a clock reference. Typically,
it is a Cesium or Rubidium oscillator disciplined by a global
navigation satellite system (GNSS), e.g. Global Positionig System (GPS).
navigation satellite system (GNSS).
In such case, the time and frequency transferred by WR are traceable to
International Atomic Time (TAI).
the International Atomic Time (TAI).
Although all of WR applications are based on precise transfer of time and
frequency, most of these applications benefit from functionalities that are
built on top of it and described in the subsequent sections. For example, the
precise timestamping functionality (Section~\ref{sec:timestamping}) can be
either integrated into WR nodes or provided by external devices (e.g. digitizers)
synchronized using PPS \& 10MHz provided by WR.
built on top of it and described in the subsequent sections.
% For example, the
% precise timestamping functionality (Section~\ref{sec:timestamping}) can be
% either integrated into WR nodes or provided by external devices (e.g. digitizers)
% synchronized using PPS \& 10MHz provided by WR.
\subsection{Example Applications}
Time and frequency transfer is used by National Time Laboratories to
disseminate official UTC time and compare clocks. Laboratories in
Finland (VTT MIKES \cite{biblio:MIKES}),
Netherlands (VSL \cite{biblio:VSL}),
France (LNE-SYRTE \cite{biblio:LNE-SYRTE}),
UK (NLP \cite{biblio:NLP}),
USA (NIST \cite{biblio:NIST}),
Italy (INRIM \cite{biblio:INRIM})
and South Korea (KRIS) have WR installations. MIKES and INRIM
use WR to provide their realization of UTC to clients, e.g. UTC(MIKE) over 50km
to Metsähovi Observatory \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km} for applications in geodesy (International GNSS Service,
Very-long-baseline interferometry and satellite laser ranging), UTC(INRIM) over
400km to financial district of Millano. NIST uses WR to distribute UTC(NIST)
Finland (VTT MIKES), Netherlands (VSL), France (LNE-SYRTE), UK (NLP),
USA (NIST), Italy (INRIM) and South Korea (KRIS) have WR installations. MIKES and INRIM
use WR to provide their realization of UTC to clients, e.g. UTC(MIKE) over 50~km
to Metsähovi Observatory \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km} for applications in geodesy,
% (International GNSS Service,
% Very-long-baseline interferometry and satellite laser ranging)
UTC(INRIM) over
400~km to the financial district of Millano. NIST uses WR to distribute UTC(NIST)
within their campus. All
laboratories are studing WR with different types of fiber links and attempt to
increase its performance. These studies showed that the jitter of the off-the-shelf
WR switch is 1e-11 (similar to typical frequency counter e.g. Keysight 53230A)
and can be improved.This prompted development of the Low-Jitter Daughterboard (LJD)
laboratories are studying WR with different types and lenghts of fiber links and attempt to
increase its performance. These studies showed that the stability (at tau=1s) of the off-the-shelf
WR switch is 1e-11 (Alan Deviation, ADEV, similar to typical frequency counter e.g. Keysight 53230A)
and can be improved. This prompted development of the Low-Jitter Daughterboard (LJD)
\cite{biblio:WR-LJD} that improves 1e-12 performance of the WR switch without any
modifications to the WR-PTP Protocol, see
\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}.
......@@ -259,10 +332,10 @@ INRIM & 70k m & bidir. in WDM
\label{tab:timelabs}
\end{table}
At CERN, the General Machine Timing controller of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD)
is synchronized with WR link to a similar controller of the LHC Injection
Chain (LHC) that provides the beam also for AD. Such a WR link provides traceability
to UTC and it is used instead of a GPS receiver.
% At CERN, the General Machine Timing controller of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD)
% is synchronized with WR link to a similar controller of the LHC Injection
% Chain (LHC) that provides the beam also for AD. Such a WR link provides traceability
% to UTC and it is used instead of a GPS receiver.
%
% MIKES operates a 950km WR link \cite{} over unidirectional paths in a dark channel
......@@ -308,31 +381,31 @@ to UTC and it is used instead of a GPS receiver.
Many accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources are controlled by triggering
events in a pre-configured sequence of actions. In fact, it is a very convenient
way to control beams of particle that move at very large speeds, often close
to the speed of light - faster than the propagation of control signals.
to the speed of light -- faster than the propagation of control signals.
In the "time-triggered control" schema, a sequence of actions is determined
In the \textit{time-triggered control} schema, a sequence of actions is determined
by a controller and distributed to controlled devices in advance. These actions
are scheduled to be executed by spatially-distributed devices at a particular time.
The responsiveness of such system greatly depends on the latency of
delivering the control-information from the controller to the accelerator devices.
The precision of such system depends on synchronization quality between
these devices and the controller. WR provides precise/accurate synchronization and guarantees
upper-bound latency through the network to enable implementation of "time-triggered control
upper-bound latency through the network to enable implementation of time-triggered control
for accelerators.
\subsection{Example Applications}
WR is used as the basis for a time-triggered control system of accelerators at
GSI (Darmstadt, Germany \cite{biblio:GSI}), called General Machine Timing (GMT)
WR is used at GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) as the basis for a
time-triggered control system of accelerators, called General Machine Timing (GMT)
\cite{biblio:GSI-WR-GMT-wiki}.
WR-based GMT has replaced the previously used system for the existing GSI
accelerators and will control GSI's new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
(FAIR) \cite{biblio:GSI-WR-GMT}. Control of GSI and FAIR requires that the
control-information is delivered from a common controller to any of the controlled
subsystems in any of these accelerators within 500$\mu s$. The most demanding of
these subsystems require the accuracy of 1-5ns. The controller, called Data Master,
is a WR node. The subsystems are either WR Nodes or interface directly WR Nodes.
subsystems in any of the accelerators within 500$\mu s$. The most demanding of
these subsystems require accuracy of 1-5ns. The controller, called Data Master,
is a WR node. The subsystems are either WR Nodes or have a direct interface with WR Nodes.
All these WR nodes are connected to a common WR Network that provides synchronization,
delivers control-information from the Data Master to all subsystems as well as
between subsystems, and allows diagnostics.
......@@ -342,15 +415,14 @@ When FAIR is completed in 2025, the WR network at GSI and FAIR will include
GMT has been operational at GSI since 2015. First, it was used to control
a small CRYRING accelerator build purposely to test WR-based GMT
\cite{biblio:GSI-WR-GMT-CRYRING} and consisting of 30 WR nodes in 3 layers of
switches. Then, the system used so far had been replaced with WR-based GMT
that consists of 35 WR switches and is commissions for operation, first beam in
WR switches. Then, the GMT system that had been used so far was replaced with WR-based GMT
that consists of 35 WR switches and it is commissions for operation, first beam in
June 2018.
A WR-based GMT to control CERN accelerators has been the reasson for WR's
conception and it is yet to be implemented at CERN.
Both, at CERN and GSI, apart from the time-triggered control, subsystems
connected to the WR network can benefit from the precise time and frequency,
Both, at CERN and GSI, the same WR network that is used for time-triggered control
can provide to subsystems precise time and frequency which can be used,
for example, to timestamp input signals, an application described in the following
section.
......@@ -370,33 +442,34 @@ or analogue signals that are sampled (digitized) with the distributed frequency
and associated with the distributed time. Timestamps are usually produced to
measure time of flight (ToF) or correlate events between distributed systems. In
such case, accurate and precise synchronization between these systems is required.
If timestamps are used to measure duration of events in distributed systems,
If timestamps are used to measure duration of events detected by distributed subsystems,
precision and frequency stability are required, accuracy is not so important.
\subsection{Example Applications}
\textcolor{gray}{
The first application of WR was in the second run of the CERN Neutrinos to Gran
Sasso (CNGS) experiment \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} and required timestamping of
events at the extraction and detection of neutrinos. Two WR
networks were installed in parallel with the initial timing system, one WR
network at CERN and one in Gran Sasso. Each WR network consisted of a Grandmaster
WR Switch connected to the time reference \cite{biblio:PolaRx4e}\cite{biblio:CS4000}),
a WR switch in the underground cavern and a number of WR nodes timestamping of
networks were installed in parallel with the initial timing system: one at CERN and one in Gran Sasso. Each WR network consisted of a Grandmaster
WR switch connected to the time reference \cite{biblio:PolaRx4e}\cite{biblio:CS4000},
a WR switch in the underground cavern and a number of WR nodes timestamping
inputs signal. The measured performance of the deployed system over 1 month of
operation was 0.517 ns accuracy and 0.119 ns precision.
}
The most demanding WR applications in terms of timestamping are cosmic ray and
neutrino detectors that record the time of arrival of particles in individual
detector units distributed over up to tens of kilometers. Based on the difference
in the time of arrival, the trajectory of particles are detected. For this
applications, high precision and accuracy is required in very harsh and viring
environmental condition. The
in the time of arrival, the trajectory of particles are calculated. For this
applications, high precision and accuracy is required in very harsh
environmental condition.
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), located at 4410m above
sea level in China (Tybert), requires 500ps (RMS)\cite{biblio:LHAASO} alignment
of timestamps produced by 7000 WR nodes distributed over 1km2 and exposed to
day-night variation of -10 to +55 Celsius degree. To achieve that, active
sea level in China (Tybert), requires 500~ps RMS \cite{biblio:LHAASO} alignment
of timestamps produced by 7000 WR nodes distributed over $1~km^2$ and exposed to
day-night variation of -10 to +55 Celsius degree. To meet such requirements, active
compensation of temperature-related hardware delays has been implemented
\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp} and each of the WR nodes will be individually
calibrated using a portable calibrator \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator}.
......@@ -406,62 +479,63 @@ since 2014 (50 WR nodes, 4 WR switches in 4 layers, \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-proto
The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT)\cite{biblio:KM3NeT} is a research
infrastructure housing the next generation neutrino telescopes located at the
bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, off-shore France and Itally. The needed angular
resolution of 0.1 degree means that the submerged "digital optical modules" (DOMs)
detectors that constitute KM3NeT must be synchronized with 1ns accuracy and a
few 100ps precision. 4140 of DOMs at 3500m depth 100km off-shore of Italy and
2070 DOMs at 2475 40km off-shore France will be synchronized with an on-shore
resolution of 0.1 degree means that the submerged \textit{digital optical modules} (DOMs),
which constitute KM3NeT, must be synchronized with 1~ns accuracy and a
few 100~ps precision. 4140 DOMs at 3500~m depth 100~km off-shore of Italy and
2070 DOMs at 2475~m depth 40~km off-shore France will be synchronized with an on-shore
reference using WR network \cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation}.
Initial tests have been done with 18 DOMs off-shore France and Italy \cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-deployment}
Initial tests have been succesfully performed with 18 DOMs off-shore France and Italy to validate the system.
\textcolor{gray}{
Other applications of WR that use timestamping include Cherenkov Telescope Array
to be build in Chile and Spain \cite{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps},
Extreme Light Infrastructures in Hungary \cite{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR} and Czech
\cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR}, Satellite Laser Ranging at German Aerospace Center
\cite{biblio:DLR-WR} or Power Industry and Smart Grid studied at Swiss Federal
or Power Industry and Smart Grid studied at Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) \cite{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU}.
}
\section{Triggers Distribution (TD)}
\label{sec:triggers-distribution}
\subsection{Basic Concept}
Triggers distribution combines time-triggered control and precise timestamping
described before. In this application, an input trigger is timestamped, sent over
Triggers distribution combines, to some extend, the time-triggered control and precise timestamping
described before. In this application, an input trigger signal is timestamped by a WR node and sent over
WR network to many WR nodes that act upon the received message simultaneously, at
a precise delay with respect to the input signal.
The input trigger can be either a pulse or an analogue signal exceeding a treshold.
Once the trigger occurs, the information about the trigger (e.g. ID), along with
the timestamp, is sent over WR network to other WR nodes, usually as a broadcast.
The deterministic characteristics of the WR network allows to determine the
upper-bound latency (maximum time) it takes the message to reach all the WR nodes.
The deterministic characteristics of the WR network allow to determine the
upper-bound latency for the message to reach all the WR nodes.
In order to make sure that all the "interested" nodes act upon the trigger
simultaneously, the delay between the input trigger and the time of execution
is set greater than the upper-bound latency.
is set to be greater than the upper-bound latency.
\subsection{Example Applications}
The "trigger distribution" schema has been used in the
WR Trigger Distribution (WRTD) system for transverse instability
diagnostics in the LHC since 2015 \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}.
In the WRTD, there are a number of different instruments capable of detecting
LHC instabilities. Upon detection of instabilities, such a device generates a
The \textit{trigger distribution} schema has been used at CERN since 2015 in the
WR Trigger Distribution (WRTD) system for instability
diagnostics of the LHC \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}.
In the WRTD, there is a number of instruments capable of detecting
LHC instabilities and continuously acquiring data in round buffers. Upon detection of instabilities, such a device generates a
pulse that is timestamped by a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) integrated in
a WR Node, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WRTD}.
The timestamp produced by the TDC is broadcast over the WR network,
with a user-assigned identifier, allowing to uniquely identify the source of the
trigger. A WR node interested in that trigger takes its origin timestamp, adds
a fixed latency (300$\mu s$) and produces a pulse at the calculated moment. This
trigger. WR nodes interested in this trigger take its timestamp, add
a fixed latency (300$\mu s$) and produce a pulse at the calculated moment. This
pulse is an input to a device that continuously acquires beam monitoring
data in round buffer. These buffers are deep enough to accommodate the introduced
data in a round buffer. These buffers are deep enough to accommodate the introduced
fixed latency so that they can be rolled back to provide diagnostic data of the
beam at the time the instability was detected by the source device. In such way,
the onset of instabilities can be coherently recreated. It is worth noting
that the diagnostic instruments do not implement WR. They are integrated with
WR through timestamping of their trigger output and generation of their
trigger input.
that the diagnostic instruments used in WRTD do not implement WR. They are integrated with
WR through timestamping of their trigger outputs and generation of inputs that trigger
their actions.
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\vspace{0.2cm}
\vspace{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{applications/CERN/WRTD.jpg}
\caption{White Rabbit Trigger Distribution.}
\label{fig:WRTD}
......@@ -471,50 +545,54 @@ trigger input.
The concept that has proven to work in WRTD is now being generalized to
provide trigger distribution for CERN's Open Analog Signals Information System
(OASIS) \cite{biblio:OASIS}. OASIS is a gigantic distributed oscilloscope that
provides hundreds of input channels amd spans all CERN's accelerators except LHC.
provides hundreds of input channels and spans all CERN's accelerators except LHC.
Triggers in this system are currently distributed via coax cables without
delay compensation and multiplex using analogue multiplexers. To allow utilization
of OASIS system in LHC and to improve its performance, the distribution of triggers
delay compensation and multiplex using analogue multiplexers. In order to use
OASIS to diagnose LHC and to improve its performance, the distribution of triggers
is being upgraded to use WR. The WR-based trigger distribution in OASIS is meant
to be generic and reusable. It is developed within the White Rabbit eXtensions
for Instrumentation (WRXI) \cite{biblio:WRXI} that is based on an existing LAN
for Instrumentation (WRXI) project \cite{biblio:WRXI} that is based on an existing LAN
eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI) standard, extending it if necessary. The WRXI
for OASIS is meant to be operational in 2019.
Other applications of WR-based "trigger distribution" include triggering of
\textcolor{gray}{
Other applications of WR-based \textit{trigger distribution} include triggering of
experiment instrumentation at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS)
\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR} and in Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)
\cite{}.
\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR}.
}
\section{Fixed-Latency Data Transfer (FL)}
\label{sec:fixed-latency}
\subsection{Basic Concept}
Fixed-latency data transfer provides a well-know and precise latency of data
transfer between WR nodes in the WR network. It uses very similar
principles to the trigger distribution in Section~\ref{sec:triggers-distribution}.
In this schema, the time of data transmission is timestamped and this timestamp
transmitted between WR nodes in the WR network. It uses very similar
principles to the trigger distribution described in Section~\ref{sec:triggers-distribution}.
The time of data transmission is timestamped and this timestamp
is sent in the Ethernet frame with the data. When the data is received, a programmable
delay is added to the transmission timestamp and the associated data is is provided
delay is added to the transmission timestamp and the associated data is provided
to an application precisely at the delayed time. Such a functionality is implemented
by the so-called "WR Streamers" IP Core \cite{biblio:wr-streamers} which add a
transmission layer on top of WR and act as an fixed-latency FIFO over Ethernet.
by the so-called "WR Streamers" IP Core \cite{biblio:wr-streamers} which adds a
data transmission layer on top of WR and act as an fixed-latency FIFO over Ethernet.
By providing such functionality to the application, the application does not need
to be aware of time but rather process the data as it comes, knowing that all the
WR nodes in the WR network will the execute the same action at the same time.
The "WR Streamers" are used at CERN in the WR-BTrain system
(Section~\ref{sec:CERN-wr-btrain}) that distributes the value of magnetic field
in real-time.
to be aware of time but rather processes data as it comes, knowing that all the
WR nodes in the WR network will execute the same action at the same time. In
order to take advantage of the precise fixed-latency data transfer, the
application needs to be integrated with WR node.
\subsection{Example Applications}
The fixed-latency data transfer is used in the BTrain-over-WhiteRabbit (WR-BTrain)
\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain} system that distributes the value of magnetic field in
real-time in CERN accelerators.
In circular accelerators, the acceleration of beam by radio-frequency (RF) cavities
needs to be synchronized with the increase of magnetic field (B-field) in the
bending magnets. At CERN, BTrain is a system that measures and distributes the
bending magnets. BTrain is the system at CERN that measures and distributes the
value of the magnetic field (B-value) in real-time to the RF cavities,
power converters and beam instrumentation, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:WR-BTrain}.
power converters and beam instrumentation.
While the RF cavities
simply follow the ramp of magnetic field, the power converters adjust the current
of the magnets such that the intended B-value is obtained and closing a control
of the magnets such that the intended B-value is obtained, closing a control
loop. BTrain is essential to the operation of most of CERN accelerators, i.e.
Booster, PS, SPS, LEIR, AD, and ELENA.
% \begin{figure}[!ht]
......@@ -525,54 +603,82 @@ Booster, PS, SPS, LEIR, AD, and ELENA.
% \label{fig:WR-BTrain}
% \end{figure}
The original BTrain system uses coaxial cables to distribute pulses which indicate
increase or decrease of magnetic filed. This old-BTrain is now being upgraded to
use WR network \cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM} for distribution of the absolute value of the
magnetic field (i.e. B-value) and other additional information. This upgraded system
is called WR-BTrain \cite{biblio:WR-Btrain}. In WR-BTrain, the B-values are transmitted
at 250kHz
(every $4\mu s$) from the measurement WR node to all the other nodes. In the most
The original BTrain system uses coaxial cables to distribute pulses that indicate
increase and decrease of the B-value. This method is now being upgraded to a
WR-based distribution of the absolute B-value and other additional information
\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM}. In this upgraded system, WR-BTrain, B-values are transmitted
at 250kHz (every $4\mu s$) from the measurement WR node to all the other WR nodes
that are integrated with RF cavities, power converters and beam instrumentation. In the most
demanding accelerator, SPS, the data must be delivered over 2 hops (WR switches)
with latency of $10\mu s\pm 8ns$.
The WR-BTtrain has been succesfully evaluated in the PS accelerators where it has
been running operationally since 2017. It is now being installed in the remaining
accelerators. By 2021, all the accelerators should be running WR-BTrain operationally
\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}.
For each WR-BTrain, a separated WR network is installed that consists of 1-2
The WR-BTtrain has been successfully evaluated in the PS accelerators where it has
been running operationally since 2017 \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}. It is now being
installed in the remaining accelerators. By 2021, all
the accelerators should be running WR-BTrain operationally \cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}.
For each accelerator, a separated WR-Btrian system is installed consisting of 1-2
WR switches and 2-5 WR nodes.
\newpage
\textcolor{gray}{
Fixed-latency data transfer is considered for the operation of the
Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility (NICE) at the Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research (JINR) \cite{biblio:JINR} that already uses WR as the main clock
and time distribution system \cite{biblio:JINR-WR}.
}
\section{Radio-Frequency Transfer (RF)}
\label{sec:RFoverWR}
\subsection{Basic Concept}
Radio-frequency (RF) transfer allows to digitize periodic signals in a WR node, send
their digital form over WR network to other WR nodes, and then regenerate them
coherently in many WR nodes with a fixed delay. Such schema is depicted in
Figure~\ref{fig:RFoverWR} and described in \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}.
Radio-frequency transfer allows to digitize periodic input signals in a WR master node, send
their digital form over WR network, and then regenerate them coherently with a fixed delay in many
WR slave nodes. In such schema, depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:RFoverWR} and detailed in \cite{biblio:WR-LIST},
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\vspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{applications/CERN/RF-over-WR.jpg}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{applications/CERN/RF-over-WR-2.jpg}
\caption{Radio-frequency transmission over White Rabbit.}
\label{fig:RFoverWR}
\end{figure}
In this schema, A didigatal direct synthesis (DDS) based on the WR frequency (125MHz)
is used to generate an RF signal that is compared with a phase detector to the
input RF signal. The error measured by the phase detector is an input to an
Integral-Proportional (PI) controller that steers the DDS to produce signal identical
to the RF input. The tuning words of the DDS are the digital form of the RF input
that is sent over WR network. Each of the receiving WR Nodes uses the tuning
words to recreate the RF input by controlling their local DDS with a fixed delay.
In such way, all the WR nodes produce RF outputs that are phase-aligned with sub-ns
accuracy and picoseconds precision and that are delayed with respect to the RF
input. This schema is used currently tested in ESRF (Sectoin~\ref{sec:ESFR-GMT})
and at CERN (Section~\ref{sec:CERN-RF})
a digital direct synthesis (DDS) based on the WR reference clock
signal (125MHz) is used to generate an RF signal. The generated RF signal is then compared by a phase detector to the
input RF signal. The error measured by the phase detector is an input to a
loop filter (e.g. Integral-Proportional controller) that steers the DDS to produce signal identical
to the RF input - effectively the DDS is locked to the input signal.
The tuning words of the DDS are the digital form of the RF input
that is sent over WR network. Each of the receiving WR nodes recreate the RF input signal
by using the received tuning words to control the local DDS with a fixed delay.
In such way, the WR slave nodes produce RF outputs that are syntonized with
the RF input, phase-aligned among each other with sub-ns accuracy and picoseconds precision, and precisely delayed with respect to the RF input.
\subsection{Example Applications}
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
The WR-based radio-frequency transfer is being implemented in the European Synchrotron Radiation
Facility (ESRF) \cite{biblio:ESRF}. The operation of the ESRF accelerator facility
is controlled by a "Bunch Clock" system that delivers to accelerator subsystems
$\approx$352 MHz RF signal and triggers initiating sequential actions synchronous
to the RF signal, such as "gun trigger", "injection trigger", "extraction trigger".
The jitter of the output RF signal is required to be below 50~ps. The RF signal is continuously
trimmed around the 352~MHz value as the tuning parameter in the "fast orbit feedback"
process. Apart from 352~MHz signal, other frquencies are distributed, such as
355~kH Storage Ring revolution frequency or 10~Hz Injection sequence.
The current ESRF "Bunch Clock" system is being refurbished to use WR \cite{biblio:ESRF-WR}.
The solution has passed 6-months validation tests in 2015. In 2016, a prototype system
consisting of a WR switch, a WR master node and a WR slave node successfully injected
bunches in the storage ring providing $<$10ps jitter. A system consisting
of 1 master and 7 slaves is expected to be operational in July 2018. It
will be expanded to 40 WR slaves nodes and 4-5 WR switches by 2020.
The ESRF "Bunch Clock" system not only distributs a number of RF frequencies,
it also provides timestamps and triggers that can be synchronous with these RF
frequencies.
The radio-frequency transfer in CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS)
accelerator is also being upgraded to use WR. The SPS requires distribution
of a ???~MHz RF signal with 0.25ps RMS jitter (100Hz to 100kHz) and accuracy of $\pm$10ps.
These requirements necessitate enhancements of WR performance.
% \section{WR Applications outside CERN}
% \label{sec:GSI-GMT}
......@@ -737,83 +843,154 @@ European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
% \label{sec:power}
% The Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory (DESL) [1] at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), one of world’s best technical universities, operates its own experimental Smart Grid [2][5]. Within the framework of technology improvements for the Smart Grid, one of the research studies [3] evaluated White Rabbit for distributed measurement of synchrophasors via Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). This study investigated application of WR as a way to improve the steady state PMU accuracy and mitigate the well-known disadvantages of the currently-used GPS-base synchronization of PMUs: accessibility of clear-sky view and vulnerability of GPS signals. The results of the research show that WR-PMU can provide slightly better performance than the GPS-PMU, and is an appropriate alternative for GPS-based PMUs. The performance of the WR-PMU was limited by PMU’s hardware and not WR performance[4]. In terms of security, neither GPS nor WR are secure. In the case of WR, an attack can be counteracted by using redundant and disjoint communication paths or using the GPS as a redundant time sources.
\begin{table*}[!t]
\caption{White Rabbit Applications}
\centering
\tiny
\begin{tabular}
{| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{0.4cm} | p{1.7cm} | p{1.8cm} | p{1.1cm} | c | c | p{1.5cm} |} \hline
& & & & & & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\
\textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{Reqirements} &\textbf{Status} &\textbf{Link len.} & \textbf{May 2018} & \textbf{2020} &\textbf{Remarks} \\
& & & & &(Tot. distance) & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\
& & & & & & & & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TF & A: 100ns & Operational (AD) & $<$10km & 0 / 2 / 1 & 0 / 2 / 1 & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & FL & lat: $10\mu s\pm 8ns$ & Operational (PS,ELENA) & $<$1km & 6 / 2 / 1 & ~20 / 8 / 1 & 6 WR networks \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TD & & & & & & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & RF & & & & & & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TC & & & & & & \\ \hline
GSI & Germany & TC & A: 1-5ns P:$<$10ps & First Beam in June 2018 & $<$1km & & & \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS & P:20ps~(rms) & Operational & $<$1km & 50 / 5 / 3 & & \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS,TD & P:50ps~(rms) lat:$<$5us & Under contraction & $<$1km & & 200 / 15 / - & \\ \hline
ESRF & France & RF,TS & P:$<$50ps jitter & Testing & $<$1km & 7 / 1 / 1 & 40 / 5 / 2 & Partial operation in 2018 \\\hline
CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & A:10ns & Operational & $<$1km & 50 / 4 / 2 & & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TS & ~1ns & Operated successfully & $<$10km (16km) & 10 / 4 / 2 & & Dismantled \\ \hline
KM3Net & France & TF,TS & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & 40km & 18 / 1 / 1 & 4140 / ? / ? & \\ \hline
KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & 100km & 18 / 1 / 1 & 2070 / ? / ? & \\ \hline
CHIPS & USA & & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & $<$1km & & 200 / 16 / ? & \\ \hline
DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & sub-us \& sub-ns & Prototype in 08.2018 & $<$1km & 14 / 5 / 2 & 36 / 5 / 2 & \\ \hline
SBN & USA & TS,TD & $approx$ns & Testing & $<$1km & 6 / 1 / 1 & 6 / 1 / 1 & Operational in 2019 \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
LHAASO & China & TF,TS & A:500ps (rms) P:$<$100ps & prototype operational & $<$1km & 40 / 4 / 4 & 6734 / 564 / 4 & 1/4 operational in 2018 \\ \hline
HiSCORE & Russia & TS & & & & & & \\ \hline
CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & A:$<$2ns P:$<$1ns (rms) & valided, construction & few km & 32 / 3 / 2 & 220 / 10 / 2 & Two WR networks \\ \hline
SKA & Australia/Africa& TF & A: 2ns (1 sigma) & valided, construction & 80km (173km) & 2 / 1 / 1 & 233 / 15 / 3 & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
MIKES & Finland & TF & & Operational, expanding & up to 950km & 10 / few /2 & & \\ \hline
NE-SYRTE & France & TF & & Evaluation, tests & up to 125km (500km)& 4 / 2 / 4 & & \\ \hline
VLS & Nederland & TF & & Evaluation, tests & 137km & & & \\ \hline
NIST & USA & TF & & Operational & $<$10km & & & \\ \hline
NLP & UK & TF & & ? & & & & \\ \hline
INRIM & Italy & TF, TS & & Operational, expanding & up to 400km & & & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
DLR & Germany & TS & & & $<$1km & & & \\ \hline
ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & ns to ps & &$<$1km & & & \\ \hline
ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& & & $<$1km & 70 / 16 / 2 & & \\ \hline
EPFL & Switzerland & TS & & & $<$1km & 2 / 1 / 1 & & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{11}{|c|}{\textbf{ALL}} \\
% \multicolumn{11}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{6}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number: }} & & & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|l|}{TF = time and frequency transfer, TC = time-triggered control, TS = timestamping, TD = trigger distribution, FL = Fixed-latency data transfer, RF = Radio=-frequency transfer} \\
\multicolumn{9}{|l|}{A: accuracy, P: precision, Link len. - it is the lenght of link between devices in the network, Tot. distance = the total distance that the networks spans } \\
\multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:applications}
\end{table*}
% \begin{table}[!t]
% \caption{Non-exhaustive list of White Rabbit applications}
% \centering
% \scriptsize
% \begin{tabular}
% {| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{0.6cm} | p{0.51cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{1.0cm} |} \hline
% & & & & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\
% \textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{Link} & \textbf{2018}& \textbf{$>$2020} &\textbf{Ref} \\
% & & &\textbf{Len} & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\
% & & & (max) & & & \\ \hline
%
% \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\ \hline
%
% CERN & Switz. & TF & 10km & 0/2/1 & 0/2/1 & \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & FL & 1km & 6/2/1 & 20/8/1 & \cite{biblio:wr-streamers}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM} \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}\\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & TD & 10km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}\cite{biblio:WRXI} \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & RF & 10km & & & \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & TC & & & & \\ \hline
% GSI & Germany & TC & 1km & & & \\ \hline
% JINR & Russia & TS & 1km & 50/5/3 & & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
% JINR & Russia & TS,TD & 1km & & 200/15/- & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
%
% ESRF & France & RF,TS & 1km & 7/1/1 & 40/5/2 & \cite{biblio:ESRF-WR} \\\hline
% CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & 1km & 50/4/2 & &\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR} \\ \hline
%
% \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline
%
% CERN & Switz. & TS & 10km & 10/4/2 & & \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} \\ \hline
% KM3Net & France & TF,TS & 40km & 18/1/1 & 4140/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
% KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & 100km & 18/1/1 & 2070/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
% CHIPS & USA & & 1km & & 200/16 /? & \\ \hline
% DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & 1km & 14/5/2 & 36/5/2 & \\ \hline
% SBN & USA & TS,TD & 1km & 6/1/1 & 6/1/1 & \\ \hline
%
% \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline
%
% LHAASO & China & TF,TS & 1km & 40/4/4 & 6734/564/4 & \cite{biblio:LHAASO}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator} \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-prototype}\\ \hline
% HiSCORE & Russia & TS & & & & \\ \hline
% CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & few km & 32/3/2 & 220/10/2 & \cite{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps}\\ \hline
% SKA & Australia/ Africa& TF & 80km & 2/1/1 & 233/15/3 & \\ \hline
%
% \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline
%
% MIKES & Finland & TF & 950km & 10/few/2 & & \\ \hline
% NE-SYRTE & France & TF & 125km & 4/2/4 & & \\ \hline
% VLS & Nederland & TF & 137km & & & \\ \hline
% NIST & USA & TF & 10km & & & \\ \hline
% NLP & UK & TF & & & & \\ \hline
% INRIM & Italy & TF,TS & 400km & & & \\ \hline
%
%
% \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline
%
% DLR & Germany & TS & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
% ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR} \\ \hline
% ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& 1km & 70/16/2 & & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
% EPFL & Switzerland & TS & 1km & 2/1/1 & & \cite{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU} \\ \hline
%
%
% \multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number: }} & & & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TF = time and frequency transfer, TC = time-triggered control, TS = timestamping,} \\
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{ TD = trigger distribution, FL = Fixed-latency data transfer, RF = RF transfer} \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{A: accuracy, P: precision, Link len. - it is the lenght of link between devices in the network, Tot. distance = the total distance that the networks spans } \\
% % \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
%
% \end{tabular}
% \label{tab:applications}
% \end{table}
%
% \begin{table*}[!t]
% \caption{White Rabbit Applications}
% \centering
% \tiny
% \begin{tabular}
% {| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{1cm} | p{1.7cm} | p{2.8cm} | p{2.1cm} | c | c | p{1.5cm} |} \hline
% & & & & & & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\
% \textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{Reqirements} &\textbf{Status} &\textbf{Link len.} & \textbf{May 2018} & \textbf{2020} &\textbf{Remarks} \\
% & & & & &(Tot. distance) & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\
% & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & TF & A: 100ns & Operational (AD) & $<$10km & 0 / 2 / 1 & 0 / 2 / 1 & \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & FL & lat: $10\mu s\pm 8ns$ & Operational (PS,ELENA) & $<$1km & 6 / 2 / 1 & ~20 / 8 / 1 & 6 WR networks \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & TD & & & & & & \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & RF & & & & & & \\ \hline
% CERN & Switz. & TC & & & & & & \\ \hline
% GSI & Germany & TC & A: 1-5ns P:$<$10ps & First Beam in June 2018 & $<$1km & & & \\ \hline
% JINR & Russia & TS & P:20ps~(rms) & Operational & $<$1km & 50 / 5 / 3 & & \\ \hline
% JINR & Russia & TS,TD & P:50ps~(rms) lat:$<$5us & Under contraction & $<$1km & & 200 / 15 / - & \\ \hline
%
% ESRF & France & RF,TS & P:$<$50ps jitter & Testing & $<$1km & 7 / 1 / 1 & 40 / 5 / 2 & Partial operation in 2018 \\\hline
% CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & A:10ns & Operational & $<$1km & 50 / 4 / 2 & & \\ \hline
%
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
%
% CERN & Switz. & TS & ~1ns & Operated successfully & $<$10km (16km) & 10 / 4 / 2 & & Dismantled \\ \hline
% KM3Net & France & TF,TS & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & 40km & 18 / 1 / 1 & 4140 / ? / ? & \\ \hline
% KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & 100km & 18 / 1 / 1 & 2070 / ? / ? & \\ \hline
% CHIPS & USA & & A:1ns, P:100ps & valided, construction & $<$1km & & 200 / 16 / ? & \\ \hline
% DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & sub-us \& sub-ns & Prototype in 08.2018 & $<$1km & 14 / 5 / 2 & 36 / 5 / 2 & \\ \hline
% SBN & USA & TS,TD & $approx$ns & Testing & $<$1km & 6 / 1 / 1 & 6 / 1 / 1 & Operational in 2019 \\ \hline
%
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
%
% LHAASO & China & TF,TS & A:500ps (rms) P:$<$100ps & prototype operational & $<$1km & 40 / 4 / 4 & 6734 / 564 / 4 & 1/4 operational in 2018 \\ \hline
% HiSCORE & Russia & TS & & & & & & \\ \hline
% CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & A:$<$2ns P:$<$1ns (rms) & valided, construction & few km & 32 / 3 / 2 & 220 / 10 / 2 & Two WR networks \\ \hline
% SKA & Australia/Africa& TF & A: 2ns (1 sigma) & valided, construction & 80km (173km) & 2 / 1 / 1 & 233 / 15 / 3 & \\ \hline
%
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
%
% MIKES & Finland & TF & & Operational, expanding & up to 950km & 10 / few /2 & & \\ \hline
% NE-SYRTE & France & TF & & Evaluation, tests & up to 125km (500km)& 4 / 2 / 4 & & \\ \hline
% VLS & Nederland & TF & & Evaluation, tests & 137km & & & \\ \hline
% NIST & USA & TF & & Operational & $<$10km & & & \\ \hline
% NLP & UK & TF & & ? & & & & \\ \hline
% INRIM & Italy & TF, TS & & Operational, expanding & up to 400km & & & \\ \hline
%
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
% DLR & Germany & TS & & & $<$1km & & & \\ \hline
% ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & ns to ps & &$<$1km & & & \\ \hline
% ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& & & $<$1km & 70 / 16 / 2 & & \\ \hline
% EPFL & Switzerland & TS & & & $<$1km & 2 / 1 / 1 & & \\ \hline
%
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% % \multicolumn{11}{|c|}{\textbf{ALL}} \\
% % \multicolumn{11}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{6}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number: }} & & & \\ \hline
% % \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{TF = time and frequency transfer, TC = time-triggered control, TS = timestamping, TD = trigger distribution, FL = Fixed-latency data transfer, RF = Radio=-frequency transfer} \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{A: accuracy, P: precision, Link len. - it is the lenght of link between devices in the network, Tot. distance = the total distance that the networks spans } \\
% \multicolumn{9}{|l|}{} \\ \hline
%
% \end{tabular}
% \label{tab:applications}
% \end{table*}
% \begin{table*}[!t]
......@@ -896,57 +1073,133 @@ EPFL & Switzerland & TS & &
% \end{table*}
\newpage
\section{Performance Enhancements}
\label{sec:WRenhancements}
The growing number of applications provides needs and means for constant improvements
of WR performance. These are summarized in this section.
\subsection{Temperature Compensation}
\label{sec:}
compensation by Chineese
\\
\\
\\
\subsection{Accuracy and Precision}
\subsection{Jitter and Clock Stability}
\label{sec:}
Low Jitter Daughterboard
\\
\\
\\
The applications of WR for time and frequency transfer in National Time Laboratories
as well as for RF transfer in CERN's SPS require improvement of jitter and clock
stability.
The frequency transfer over WR network was characterized in
\cite{biblio:WR-characteristics} and its ultimate performance limits
studied in \cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}. The studies show that the
performance of a WR switch currently commercially available can be
improved as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item ADEV clock stability (tau=1s) from 1e-11 to 1e-12,
\item Random jitter from 11 to 1.1~ps RMS
over 1Hz-100kHz.
\end{itemize}
A high performance low-jitter WR node is developed for the SPS's RF transmission
achieving jitter of sub-100fs RMS from 100Hz to 20MHz \cite{biblio:SPS-WR-LLRF}.
\subsection{Link Lenght}
\subsection{Temperature Compensation}
\label{sec:}
National Labs +
SKA
\\
\\
\\
\\
The studies \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp} has showed that temperature variation
of WR nodes and switches degrades synchronization performance, still
maintaining sub-ns accuracy over the measured 45 Celsius temperature range.
This degradation and its sources have been carefully characterized
\cite{biblio:wr-cngs} showing that its major contributor is the variation of hardware
delays (\textit{fixed delays}), considering links below 10~km (see next section).
These delays are usually calibrated for WR devices
\cite{biblio:wrCalibration} in a room temperate and assumed constant throughout
operation. Their variation however is linear with temperature and so an online
correction can be applied. Such real-time correction was developed for LHAASO
experiment \cite{biblio:wr-cngs}. For temperatures between
-10 and 50 Celsius degrees, this method has show to reduce the synchronization
peak-to-peak variation to $<$150ps with standard deviation below 50 ps while
without the compensation the measured variation is 700ps. This online compensation
is used in the LHAASO to ensure 500ps (rms)
synchronization of 7000 WR nodes exposed to harsh environmental conditions
\subsection{Long-haul Link}
\label{sec:LongLinks}
Experiments have shown that WR can successfully provide sub-ns accuracy on bidirectional links up to 80~km
\cite{biblio:WR-INRIM}\cite{biblio:WR-INRIM}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km}\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SKA-80km}
taking care for the effects described in the next section.
Links longer than 80~km require active amplifiers and/or unidirectional fibers.
This deteriorates accuracy due to unknown asymmetry.
On the 137~km bidirectional link in Netherlands \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL},
dedicated optical amplifiers that work with bidirectional fibers is used in
an attempt to overcome this limitations. The tests so far has shown $<$8ns accuracy
and further improvements are studied.
On the 950~km unidirectional link in Finland, GPS precise point positioning
(PPP) was used to calibrate asymmetry and achieve $\pm$2~ns accuracy. This
method requires re-calibration after any disruption of the network. Laboratory
tests of 500km WR connection using 5 cascaded WR devcies and four 125km unidirectional
link showed 2.5~ns peak-to-peak time error \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}.
\subsection{Link Asymmetry}
\label{sec:}
National Labs +SKA
\\
\\
\\
\label{sec:linkAsym}
WR estimates and compensates asymmetry of bidirectional links knowing the relation
between the wavelengths in the two directions. This relation, called \textit{alpha}
parameter, is calibrated at room temperature and assumed constant.
However, variation of fiber temperature results in changes of the actual
\textit{alpha} (-0.12~ps/km K for 1310/1490~nm and -0.05~ps/km~K for 1490/1550~nm)
while variation of WR nodes/switches temperature result in laser wavelength
variation, e.g. 17~ps/nm km for 1550 nm \cite{biblio:SKA-80km}. These and other
effects analyzed in \cite{biblio:SKA-80km} are significant on long links and
can ammount to over 5ns inaccuracy for bidirectional link using 1490/1550nm
and exposed to 50 Celsius degrees temperature variation. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) \cite{biblio:SKA}
radio telescope mitigates these effects to achieve $<$1ns accuracy on 80~km links
by using DWDM SFP on ITU channels C21/C22 (1560.61/1558.98~nm) and combining them
on a single fiber via a simple DWDM channel filter, as described in \cite{biblio:SKA-80km}.
% To meet its $<$2ns accuracy requirement on 173~km WR
% connections, using $<$80~km WR links,
%
% of , thus the
% The variation of \textit{alpha} with temperature
% due to chromatic effects is non-significant for bidirectional links longer than 10~km.
% The resulting dependency at 1310 nm/1490 nm was
% measured to be -0.12 ps/km K, and for 1490 nm/1550 nm
% only -0.05 ps/km K on this particular fiber
\subsection{Absolute Calibration}
\label{sec:}
NIKHEF
\\
\\
\\
The accuracy of WR depends greatly on the calibration of hardware delays. WR uses
procedures for relative calibration of these delays \cite{biblio:wrCalibration}.
With relative calibration, sub-ns accuracy can be achieve provided that the
synchronized WR devices are calibrated against the same "golden calibrator". This is
because the obtained values of hardware delays are estimates that are biased. The bias
cancels out out only when WR devices calibrated to the same calibrator are connected.
% Relative calibration is performed for a complete WR device (e.g. a given version of WR switch and SFPs)
% and needs to be repeated each time a composing elements changes.
An ongoing work on absolute calibration \cite{biblio:WR-calibration} will allow
to measure precisely actual value of hardware delays and their different contributors.
With such calibration, "golden calibrator" will not be required and adding new type of component
(e.g. SFP) to a WR network will not necessitate time-consuming calibration of all
devices with this component.
\section{WR Standardization in IEEE1588 (PTP)}
\label{sec:WRin1588}
The P1588 Working Group \cite{biblio:P1588} is revising the
IEEE1588 standard, due to finish by the end of 2019. This group has been studying the
protocol extensions implemented in WR in order to incorporate their generalized
version into the standard \cite{P1588-HA-enhancements}.
As a result, one of the additions to the standard
is a third Default PTP Profile: High Accuracy.
This profile mandates a number of IEEE1588's new optional features that
are functionally equivalent to WR-PTP and allow support of WR hardware.
Along with the new features, informative annexes are added with "standardized"
description of the WR calibration procedures \cite{biblio:wrCalibration} and
an example implementation of the High Accuracy profile implementation that achieves
sub-ns synchronization, a.k.a White Rabbit. The maping between WR and High Accuracy
is described in \cite{biblio:WRin1588}.
\section{WR Standardization in IEEE1588}
\label{sec:WRin1588}
HA
\\
\\
\\
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
......
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