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papers/ISPCS2018/wrApplicationsOverview.tex
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...@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ in scientific installations. This article classifies WR applications ...@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ in scientific installations. This article classifies WR applications
into five types, briefly explains each and describes its example into five types, briefly explains each and describes its example
installations. The article then summarizes WR enhancements that have been triggered by installations. The article then summarizes WR enhancements that have been triggered by
different applications and outlines WR's integration into the PTP standard. different applications and outlines WR's integration into the PTP standard.
Based on the presented variety of WR applications and enhancement, it concludes Based on the presented variety of WR applications and enhancements, it concludes
that WR will continue to proliferate in scientific applications and should soon find its way into the industry. that WR will continue to proliferate in scientific applications and should soon find its way into the industry.
...@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ manner ensuring at most a single failure per year for a network of 2000 WR nodes ...@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ manner ensuring at most a single failure per year for a network of 2000 WR nodes
Since its conception in 2008, the number of WR applications has grown beyond Since its conception in 2008, the number of WR applications has grown beyond
any expectations. The WR Users \cite{biblio:WRusers} website attempts to keep any expectations. The WR Users \cite{biblio:WRusers} website attempts to keep
track of WR applications. The reasons for such a proliferation of applications track of WR applications. Apart from the suitable synchronization performance, the reasons for such a proliferation of WR applications
are the open nature of the WR project and the fact that the WR technology is based are the open nature of the WR project, the fact that the WR technology is based
on standards. The former encourages collaboration, on standards. The former encourages collaboration,
reuse of work and adaptations that also prevent vendor lock-in. The latter allows using reuse of work and adaptations that also prevent vendor lock-in. The latter allows using
off-the-shelf solutions with WR networks and catalyzes off-the-shelf solutions with WR networks and catalyzes
...@@ -139,69 +139,68 @@ IEEE1588 standard and we conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}. ...@@ -139,69 +139,68 @@ IEEE1588 standard and we conclude in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}.
\centering \centering
\scriptsize \scriptsize
\begin{tabular} \begin{tabular}
{| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{0.6cm} | p{0.51cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{0.9cm} | p{1.1cm} |} \hline {| p{0.9cm} | p{1cm} | p{0.6cm} | c | p{0.9cm} | p{0.99cm} | p{1.1cm} |} \hline
& & & & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\ & & & \textbf{Link} & \multicolumn{2}{c |}{\textbf{ Network Size}} & \\
\textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{Link} & \textbf{in 2018}& \textbf{$>$2020} &\textbf{Reference} \\ \textbf{Facility}&\textbf{Location}&\textbf{Type}&\textbf{len.} & \textbf{in 2018}& \textbf{$>$2020} &\textbf{Reference} \\
& & & \textbf{Len} & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\ \hline & & & [km] & N / S / L & N / S / L & \\ \hline
% & & & (max) & & & \\ \hline % & & & (max) & & & \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Accelerators, synchrotrons and spallation sources}} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TF & 10km & 0/2/1 & 0/2/1 & \\ \hline CERN & Switz. & TF & 10 & 0/2/1 & 0/2/1 & \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & FL & 1km & 6/2/1 & 20/8/1 & \cite{biblio:wr-streamers}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM} \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}\\ \hline CERN & Switz. & FL & 1 & 6/2/1 & 20/8/1 & \cite{biblio:wr-streamers}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-MM} \cite{biblio:WR-BTrain-RF}\cite{biblio:WR-Btrain-status}\\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TD & 10km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}\cite{biblio:WRXI} \\ \hline CERN & Switz. & TD & 10 & 8/2/1 & 65/31/2 & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST}\cite{biblio:WR-LIST-2}\cite{biblio:WRXI} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & RF & 10km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST} \\ \hline CERN & Switz. & RF & 10 & -/-/- & 13/1/1 & \cite{biblio:WR-LIST} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TC & 10km & & & \\ \hline CERN & Switz. & TC & 10 & -/-/ & 500/40/4 & \\ \hline
GSI & Germany & TC & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-GSI}\cite{biblio:FAIRtimingSystem} \\ \hline GSI & Germany & TC & 1 & 35/4/4 & 2000/300/4& \cite{biblio:WR-GSI}\cite{biblio:FAIRtimingSystem} \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS & 1km & 50/5/3 & & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline JINR & Russia & TS,TD & 1 & 50/15/3 & 250/30/3 & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
JINR & Russia & TS,TD & 1km & & 200/15/- & \cite{biblio:JINR-WR} \\ \hline
ESRF & France & RF,TS & 1km & 7/1/1 & 40/5/2 & \cite{biblio:ESRF-WR} \\\hline ESRF & France & RF,TS & 1 & 7/1/1 & 40/5/2 & \cite{biblio:ESRF-WR} \\\hline
CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & 1km & 50/4/2 & &\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR} \\ \hline CSNS & Chine & TF,TS, TD & 1 & 50/4/2 & 50/4/2 &\cite{biblio:CSNS-WR} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Neutrino Detectors}} \\ \hline
CERN & Switz. & TS & 10km & 10/4/2 & & \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} \\ \hline CERN & Switz. & TS & 10 & 10/4/2 & & \cite{biblio:wr-cngs} \\ \hline
KM3Net & France & TF,TS & 40km & 18/1/1 & 4140/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline KM3Net & France & TF,TS & 40 & 18/1/1 & 4140/270/3 & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & 100km & 18/1/1 & 2070/?/? & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline KM3Net & Spain & TF,TS & 100 & 18/1/1 & 2070/130/2 & \cite{biblio:KM3NeT}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-Letter}\cite{biblio:WR-KM3NeT-presentation} \\ \hline
CHIPS & USA & & 1km & & 200/16/? & \\ \hline % CHIPS & USA & & 1km & & 200/16/? & \\ \hline
DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & 1km & 14/5/2 & 36/5/2 & \\ \hline DUNE & Switz/USA & TS,TD & 1 & 14/5/2 & 36/5/2 & \\ \hline
SBN & USA & TS,TD & 1km & 6/1/1 & 6/1/1 & \\ \hline SBN & USA & TS,TD & 1 & 6/1/1 & 6/1/1 & \\ \hline
GVD & Russia & TS,TD & 1km & 3/1/1 & & \cite{biblio:GVD} \\ \hline GVD & Russia & TS,TD & 1 & 3/1/1 & 3/1/1 & \cite{biblio:GVD} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Cosmic Ray Detectors}} \\ \hline
LHAASO & China & TF,TS & 1km & 40/4/4 & 6734/564/4 & \cite{biblio:LHAASO}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator} \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-prototype}\\ \hline LHAASO & China & TF,TS & 1 & 40/4/4 & 6734/564/4 & \cite{biblio:LHAASO}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-temp}\cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-calibrator} \cite{biblio:LHAASO-WR-prototype}\\ \hline
% HiSCORE & Russia & TS,TD & & & & \\ \hline % HiSCORE & Russia & TS,TD & & & & \\ \hline
TAIGA & Russia & TS,TD & 1km & 20/4/2 & 1100/90/3 & \cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-1}\cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-2}\cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-harsh-env} \\ \hline TAIGA & Russia & TS,TD & 1 & 20/4/2 & 1100/90/3 & \cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-1}\cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-2}\cite{biblio:TAIGA-WR-harsh-env} \\ \hline
CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & 10km & 32/3/2 & 220/10/2 & \cite{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps}\\ \hline CTA & Spain/Chile & TF,TS & 10 & 32/3/2 & 220/10/2 & \cite{biblio:CTA-WR-timestamps}\\ \hline
HAWC & Maxico & TS,TD & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:GVD} \\ \hline HAWC & Maxico & TS,TD & 1 & & & \cite{biblio:GVD} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{National Time Laboratories}} \\ \hline
MIKES & Finland & TF & 950km & 10/few/2 & & \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline MIKES & Finland & TF & 950 & 10/few/2 & 10/few/2 & \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline
LNE-SYRTE & France & TF & 125km & 4/2/4 & & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \hline LNE-SYRTE & France & TF & 125 & 4/2/4 & 4/2/4 & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \hline
VLS & Nederland & TF & 137km & & & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline VLS & Nederland & TF & 137 & 4/2/1 & 4/2/1 & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline
NIST & USA & TF & 10km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-NIS} \\ \hline NIST & USA & TF & 10 & 2/-/1 & expanding & \cite{biblio:WR-NIST} \\ \hline
NLP & UK & TF & & & & \\ \hline NLP & UK & TF & & & & \\ \hline
INRIM & Italy & TF,TS & 400km & & & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM}\cite{biblio:WR-INRIM-400km} \\ \hline INRIM & Italy & TF,TS & 400 & 8/1/1 & expanding & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM}\cite{biblio:WR-INRIM-400km} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\textbf{Other Applications}} \\ \hline
SKA & Australia/ Africa& TF & 80km & 2/1/1 & 233/15/3 & \cite{biblio:SKA-80km} \\ \hline SKA & Australia/ Africa& TF & 80 & 2/1/1 & 233/15/3 & \cite{biblio:SKA-80km} \\ \hline
DLR & Germany & TD & 1km & 1/1/1 & 1/1/1 & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline DLR & Germany & TD & 1 & 1/1/1 & 1/1/1 & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & 1km & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR} \\ \hline ELI-ALPS & Hungry & TS & 1 & & & \cite{biblio:ELI-ALP-WR} \\ \hline
ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& 1km & 70/16/2 & & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline ELI-BEAMS & Czech & TF,TS, TD,TC& 1 & 70/16/2 & 70/16/2 & \cite{biblio:ELI-BEAMS-WR} \\ \hline
EPFL & Switzerland & TS & 1km & 2/1/1 & & \cite{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU} \\ \hline EPFL & Switzerland & TS & 1 & 2/1/1 & 2/1/1 & \cite{biblio:EPFL-WR-PMU} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR nodes: }} & \textbf{339} & \textbf{13901} & \\ \multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR nodes: }} & \textbf{456} & \textbf{17571} & \\
\multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR switches: }} & \textbf{53} & \textbf{641} & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{|r|}{\textbf{Total number of WR switches: }} & \textbf{78} & \textbf{1529} & \\ \hline
% \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\ % \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{\textbf{Abbreviations used}} \\
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TF= time and frequency transfer, TC= time-triggered control, TS= timestamping,} \\ \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TF= time and frequency transfer, TC= time-triggered control, TS= timestamping,} \\
\multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TD= trigger distribution, FL= Fixed-latency data transfer, RF= Radio-Freq. transfer} \\ \multicolumn{7}{|l|}{TD= trigger distribution, FL= Fixed-latency data transfer, RF= Radio-Freq. transfer} \\
...@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ PXI \cite{biblio:spexi}. ...@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ PXI \cite{biblio:spexi}.
All of these boards are open and commercially available \cite{biblio:WRcompanies}. All of these boards are open and commercially available \cite{biblio:WRcompanies}.
Morover, more and more companies integrate WR into their proprietary products, Morover, more and more companies integrate WR into their proprietary products,
\cite{biblio:STRUCK}\cite{biblio:sundance}\cite{biblio:spdevices}. \cite{biblio:STRUCK}\cite{biblio:sundance}\cite{biblio:spdevices}.
Such a variety of WR nodes facilitaties Such a variety of WR nodes facilitates
implementations of WR applications described in the following sections. implementations of WR applications described in the following sections.
...@@ -319,8 +318,8 @@ MIKES & 50km & bidir. on adjacent ITU DWDM channels ...@@ -319,8 +318,8 @@ MIKES & 50km & bidir. on adjacent ITU DWDM channels
VSL & 2x137km & bidir. on CWDM (1470\&1490nm)(\#) & $<$8ns & 10ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline VSL & 2x137km & bidir. on CWDM (1470\&1490nm)(\#) & $<$8ns & 10ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:MIKES+VSL} \\ \hline
& 25km & unidir. at 1541nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6} & 25km & unidir. at 1541nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6}
LNE- & 25km & bidir. at 1310\&1490nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6} LNE- & 25km & bidir. at 1310\&1490nm & 150ps & 1-2ps@1000s & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-25km} \\ \cline{2-6}
SYRTE & 125km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC & 2.5ns & 1ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \cline{2-6} SYRTE & 125km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC channel & 2.5ns & 1ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \cline{2-6}
& 4x125km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC & 2.5ns & 5.5ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \hline & 4x125km & unidir. in the C-band or close OSC channel & 2.5ns & 5.5ps@1s (**) & \cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km} \\ \hline
NIST & $<$10km & bidir. standard WR (1310\&1490nm \cite{biblio:wr-sfps}) & below 200ps & 20ps@1s & \cite{biblio:WR-NIST} \\ \hline NIST & $<$10km & bidir. standard WR (1310\&1490nm \cite{biblio:wr-sfps}) & below 200ps & 20ps@1s & \cite{biblio:WR-NIST} \\ \hline
NPL & & & & & \\ \hline NPL & & & & & \\ \hline
& 50km & bidir. in WDM & 800ps $\pm$56ps& & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM} \\ \cline{2-6} & 50km & bidir. in WDM & 800ps $\pm$56ps& & \cite{biblio:WR-INRIM} \\ \cline{2-6}
...@@ -354,7 +353,7 @@ and can be improved to 1e-12 without any modifications to the WR-PTP Protocol, s ...@@ -354,7 +353,7 @@ and can be improved to 1e-12 without any modifications to the WR-PTP Protocol, s
Section~\ref{sec:JitterAndStability} and Section~\ref{sec:JitterAndStability} and
\cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}. \cite{biblio:MIKES-50km}\cite{biblio:SYRTE-LNE-500km}\cite{biblio:WR-ultimate-limits}.
Many of the National Time Laboratories are now working together with other WR users Many of the National Time Laboratories are now working together with other WR users
and companies within the EU-founded project WRITE \cite{biblio:WRITE} to prepare WR for industrial applications. and companies within the EU-funded project WRITE \cite{biblio:WRITE} to prepare WR for industrial applications.
% At CERN, the General Machine Timing controller of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) % At CERN, the General Machine Timing controller of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD)
% is synchronized with WR link to a similar controller of the LHC Injection % is synchronized with WR link to a similar controller of the LHC Injection
% Chain (LHC) that provides the beam also for AD. Such a WR link provides traceability % Chain (LHC) that provides the beam also for AD. Such a WR link provides traceability
...@@ -442,8 +441,8 @@ WR switches. Then, the GMT system that had been used so far was replaced with WR ...@@ -442,8 +441,8 @@ WR switches. Then, the GMT system that had been used so far was replaced with WR
that consists of 35 WR switches and it is commissioned for operation, with a first beam in that consists of 35 WR switches and it is commissioned for operation, with a first beam in
June 2018. June 2018.
Although a WR-based GMT to control CERN accelerators has been the reason for WR's Despite being the main reason behind WR’s conception, a WR-based GMT to control CERN
conception and it is yet to be implemented at CERN. accelerators is yet to be implemented.
% Both, at CERN and GSI, the same WR network that is used for time-triggered control % Both, at CERN and GSI, the same WR network that is used for time-triggered control
% can provide to subsystems precise time and frequency which can be used, % can provide to subsystems precise time and frequency which can be used,
% for example, to timestamp input signals, an application described in the following % for example, to timestamp input signals, an application described in the following
...@@ -588,7 +587,7 @@ their actions. ...@@ -588,7 +587,7 @@ their actions.
The concept that has proven to work in WRTD is now being generalized to The concept that has proven to work in WRTD is now being generalized to
provide trigger distribution for CERN's Open Analog Signals Information System provide trigger distribution for CERN's Open Analog Signals Information System
(OASIS) \cite{biblio:OASIS}. OASIS is a gigantic distributed oscilloscope that (OASIS) \cite{biblio:OASIS}. OASIS is a gigantic distributed oscilloscope that
provides hundreds of input channels and spans all CERN's accelerators except LHC. provides $\approx$6000 input channels and spans all CERN's accelerators except LHC.
Triggers in this system are currently distributed via coax cables that may be 1~km long without Triggers in this system are currently distributed via coax cables that may be 1~km long without
delay compensation and multiplexed using analogue multiplexers. In order to use delay compensation and multiplexed using analogue multiplexers. In order to use
OASIS to diagnose LHC and to improve its performance, the distribution of triggers OASIS to diagnose LHC and to improve its performance, the distribution of triggers
...@@ -686,8 +685,8 @@ WR slave nodes. In such schema, depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:RFoverWR} and detail ...@@ -686,8 +685,8 @@ WR slave nodes. In such schema, depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:RFoverWR} and detail
a digital direct synthesis (DDS) based on the WR reference clock a digital direct synthesis (DDS) based on the WR reference clock
signal (125MHz) is used to generate an RF signal in the WR master node. The generated RF signal is then compared by a phase detector to the signal (125MHz) is used to generate an RF signal in the WR master node. The generated RF signal is then compared by a phase detector to the
input RF signal. The error measured by the phase detector is an input to a input RF signal. The error measured by the phase detector is an input to a
loop filter (e.g. Integral-Proportional controller) that steers the DDS to produce a signal identical loop filter (e.g. Integral-Proportional controller) that steers the DDS to produce a signal identical to the RF input -
to the RF input - effectively the DDS is locked to the input signal. effectively locking the DDS to the input signal..
The tuning words of the DDS are the digital form of the RF input The tuning words of the DDS are the digital form of the RF input
that is sent over WR network. Each of the receiving WR slave nodes recreates the RF input signal that is sent over WR network. Each of the receiving WR slave nodes recreates the RF input signal
by using the received tuning words to control the local DDS with a fixed delay. by using the received tuning words to control the local DDS with a fixed delay.
...@@ -1263,16 +1262,15 @@ is described in \cite{biblio:WRin1588}. ...@@ -1263,16 +1262,15 @@ is described in \cite{biblio:WRin1588}.
The number of WR applications and their specifications have exceeded the original The number of WR applications and their specifications have exceeded the original
assumptions of the project. assumptions of the project.
This proliferation can be attributed to the fact that WR is based This proliferation can be attributed to the fact that WR is based
on standards, it is openly as well as commercially available, and it has a very on standards and it is openly as well as commercially available while meeting
active community. Open nature of WR allows its users to contribute to the very stringent synchronization requirements. The open nature of WR allows its users to contribute to the
project with their project with their
specific expertise and new developments, opening WR to more applications. specific expertise and new developments, opening WR to more applications.
WR has become a \textit{de facto} for synchronization in scientific installations WR has become a \textit{de facto} for synchronization in scientific installations
and it is now becoming an industry standard within the IEEE1588. and it is now becoming an industry standard within the IEEE1588.
With its wide adaptation in science, commercial support, up-coming With its wide adaptation in science, commercial support, up-coming
standardization and EU-founded project to catalyze applications in the standardization and EU-funded project to catalyze applications in the
industry, WR applications will ontinue to proliferate in industry, WR applications will continue to proliferate in
science and should soon find its way into industry. science and should soon find its way into industry.
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